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Heterogeneous Aspects of Additive Manufactured Metallic Parts: A Review

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Abstract

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) is an emerging technology to produce complex end-use metallic parts. To adopt MAM for manufacturing numerous engineering parts used in critical applications, a thorough understanding of the relationship between the complex thermal cycles in MAM and the unique heterogeneous microstructures of MAM parts need to be established. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of heterogeneous microstructures in MAM parts, including melt pool boundaries, heterogeneous grain structure, sub-grain cellular structure, matrix supersaturation, segregation, phase transformation, oxides formation, and texture. The evolution of residual stresses and the anisotropy in MAM parts and the post-MAM heat treatment effects on the microstructural evolution are also discussed. This review covers the microstructural aspects of most engineering materials in particular steels, high entropy alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, and copper alloys, with a primary focus on the parts manufactured using selective laser melting, direct energy deposition, and electron beam melting processes.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Fundamental Research Program “Development of High Performance Materials and Processes for Metal 3D Printing (PNK5520)” of the Korean Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), and by the Creative Materials Discovery Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2016M3D1A1023384 and 2017R1A2A1A18069427). This work was also supported by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (20171510102030). Dr. G.M. Karthik is supported by the Korea Research Fellowship Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2019H1D3A1A01102866). The authors acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Praveen Sathiyamoorthi at POSTECH.

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  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea

    G. M. Karthik

  2. Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea

    Hyoung Seop Kim

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Karthik, G.M., Kim, H.S. Heterogeneous Aspects of Additive Manufactured Metallic Parts: A Review. Met. Mater. Int. 27, 1–39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00931-2

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