Novel multi-metal stainless steel (316L)/high-modulus steel (Fe-TiB2) composite with enhanced specific modulus and strength using high-pressure torsion
Introduction
Breaking through the strength–ductility trade-off dilemma is a long-standing pursuing in materials science [1], [2]. Multi-metal composites (MMCs) have attracted great interest recently due to their synergy in strength and ductility [3], [4]. However, it is challenging to fabricate these MMCs, as both the matrix/reinforcement phases are metals. Most processing routes involving high temperatures lead to various metallurgy problems such as excessive elemental diffusion, hard intermetallic phase formation, and cracking [5]. Solid-state techniques are best suited for the fabrication of these MMCs [3]. Recently, high-pressure torsion (HPT), a severe plastic deformation technique, was shown very promising to fabricate these MMCs [4], [6].
High-modulus steel (HMS) with TiB2 particles reinforced in pure Fe is very promising for lightweight structural applications due to its high modulus, low density, and high strength-ductility combination [7]. The current work aims to fabricate MMCs using HPT with HMS as a reinforcement in the stainless steel (SS) matrix to improve both the strength and the specific modulus.
Section snippets
Experimental procedure
Gas atomized powders of HMS and SS with spherical morphology and average particle sizes of ~100 µm and ~109 µm, respectively, were used as the starting materials (Fig. S1). The chemical compositions of the powders are given in Table S1. The nano-size TiB2 particles (50 ~ 300 nm) are segregated to the inter-dendritic regions of Fe in the HMS powder (Fig. S1d). Before HPT processing, the powders were mixed in the required proportion targeting a ~10 vol% (MMC10) and 20 vol% (MMC20) of HMS in SS.
Results and discussions
MMCs with uniform distribution of the HMS (dark phase) amounting to 10 vol% and 20 vol% within the SS matrix are successfully obtained after HPT processing (Fig. 1a and b). The HMS particles are elongated, indicating that they underwent sufficient deformation during HPT processing. Excellent metallurgical bonded interfaces between the SS/HMS are achieved with no excessive elemental diffusion across the interface (Fig. 1c). Deformation of the reinforcements can break the thin oxide layer on the
Conclusions
The current work demonstrates the fabrication of a novel multi-metal composite with Fe-TiB2 HMS reinforcement in a 316L SS matrix using HPT. The composite demonstrated superior properties with high specific modulus (~25.5 GPa·cm3·g−1), high yield strength (881 MPa), and good ductility (31%). The high relative density, ultra-fine grains, heterogeneous microstructures, and sound metallurgical bonded SS/HMS interface would account for these superior properties.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Renlong Xiong: Data curation, Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Hyeonseok Kwon: Data curation, Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Writing - original draft. G.M. Karthik: Validation, Writing - review & editing. Gang Hee Gu: Investigation. Peyman Asghari-Rad: Visualization. Sujung Son: Investigation. Eun Seong Kim: Investigation. Hyoung Seop Kim: Supervision, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51801139), the China Scholarship Council (No. 201808420368), the Scientific Research Foundation of Wuhan Institute of Technology (K201711). NRF of Korea, Ministry of Science and ICT (2016M3D1A1023384). GMK is supported by the Bain Pool Program through the NRF of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2019H1D3A1A01102866).
References (12)
- et al.
Friction deposition of titanium particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
(2016) - et al.
Architectured multi-metal CoCrFeMnNi-Inconel 718 lamellar composite by high-pressure torsion
Scr. Mater.
(2021) - et al.
Cold compaction of metal–ceramic (ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic) composites using high pressure torsion
J. Alloys Compd.
(2007) - et al.
High temperature thermal stability of nanocrystalline 316L stainless steel processed by high-pressure torsion
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
(2017) - et al.
Novel TiB2-reinforced 316L stainless steel nanocomposites with excellent room- and high-temperature yield strength developed by additive manufacturing
Compos. B Eng.
(2019) - et al.
Selective laser melting of TiB2/316L stainless steel composites: the roles of powder preparation and hot isostatic pressing post-treatment
Powder Technol.
(2017)
Cited by (10)
Rapid design and screen high strength U-based high-entropy alloys from first-principles calculations
2024, Journal of Materials Science and TechnologyConstitutive model of elastic response for Fe-TiB<inf>2</inf> composites
2022, Materials Today CommunicationsCitation Excerpt :As one of the metal matrix composites (MMCs), Fe-TiB2 composites are very promising for lightweight structural application because of the potential balance between strength and plasticity [1,2], by adding high elastic modulus (565 GPa) and low-density TiB2 (4.5 g/cm3) [3].
Micro and nano mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of SLM-printed Al<inf>0.5</inf>CoCrFeNiTi<inf>0.5</inf>/316L composites
2023, Jinshu Rechuli/Heat Treatment of Metals
- 1
These authors contributed equally to this work.